Life in Dhaka City

Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh and the principal city of Dhaka District. Dhaka is a mega city and one of the major cities of South Asia. Located on the banks of the Buriganga River, Dhaka, along with its metropolitan area, has a population of over 12 million, making it the largest city in Bangladesh. Dhaka is known as the City of Mosques and renowned for producing the world's finest muslin. As a cosmopolitan city, Dhaka has been the center of Persia-Arabic and Western cultural influences in eastern Indian Subcontinent. Today it serves as one of the prime centers for culture, education and business in the region.

Facilities:
1. HIGH RISE APARTMENTS
2. WORLD CLASS SHOPPING CENTERS
3. LOW COST MOBILE PHONE
4. TRANSPORTATION
5. HIGH EDUCATION FACILITIES
6. CULTURE DIVERSITY

Disadvantage:
1. POVERTY
2. CHILD LABOUR
3. FOOTPATH LIFE
4. LOT OF SLUMS
5. HIGH COST OF LIVING
6. POPULATION PROBLEM
7. TRAFFIC JAM
8. LOAD SHEDDING
9. ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION

Population Problem in Dhaka City

The population of Dhaka city (areas under the jurisdiction of the Dhaka city corporation) stands at approximately 6.7 million. The city, in combination with localities forming the wider metropolitan area, is home to an estimated 12.3 million as of 2007.

The population is growing by an estimated 4.2% per annum, one of the highest rates amongst Asian cities. The continuing growth reflects ongoing migration from rural areas to the Dhaka urban region, which accounted for 60% of the city's growth in the 1960s and 1970s.

More recently, the city's population has also grown with the expansion of city boundaries, a process that added more than a million people to the city in the 1980s.

The Rule of Law & the Principles

The rule of law is an ancient ideal first posited Plato as grounded in divine reason and so inherent in the natural order. Latter on it was developed by many jurists though ages. The modern vision of the rule of law is to be found in the English, American and French revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries. Recently the rule of law has been considered as one of the main factors that determine the quality of good governance of a country. Actually sustainable development and good governance mostly depends on the proper application of rule of law. Laws are made for the welfare of the people, to bring a balance in society, a harmony between the two conflicting forces in society.

One of the prime objects of making laws is to maintain law and order in society, a peaceful environment for the progress of the people. In true and real sense there is dearth of application of rule of law according to many critics.

Rule of law ensures that every citizen is equal before the eye of law, without any distinction of race. Colour, sects, language, religion, cast and creed, political or other difference of opinion.

Principle of Rule of Law:

1. All human beings are born free
2. Equal in basic human dignity and natural rights
3. Every one has the right to life, liberty, property and security of person
4. All are equal before the law

In our society, the principle is being ignored on many grounds as Quotas for political activists by the name of Honour to Freedom Fighters & Minority Groups, special provision for individual security etc.

Primary Education in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a densely populated country, 47 percent of its population under poverty line. Although Bangladesh has achieved some progress in providing primary education, still there is a long way to go to achieve hundred per cent enrolment rate.
Most of its population cannot complete five years of education. During the last few years Bangladesh has achieved some success in raising literacy rate, eradicating cheating in examination and giving thrust on female education.

Poverty and Primary Dropout:

Primary school dropout rates in Bangladesh, with a population of 150 million, have always been high, but new research suggests numbers are increasing. According to a study conducted by 10 NGOs, with the Commonwealth Education Fund, the dropout rate has increased from 33 percent in 2002 to 47 percent in 2006.
At least one-third of the children, enrolled in primary education, dropped out before completing the five-year compulsory education.

• Despite numerous efforts and incentives, including food-for-education and stipend programmed, many children in Bangladesh are out of school.

• According to an estimate, up to 40 percent of the children, aged 6-10, have failed to complete primary education and 20 percent of the children are not at all familiar with school. One fourth of the primary school students drop out before completing the 5th grade.

Female Education & Women Teachers In Bangladesh

Female Education

• Boy-girl ratio in primary school is 52:48. This indicates that Bangladesh has achieved almost gender parity at the primary level of education.

• Female teachers have been recruited in large number. In the eighties the female teachers in primary school were below twenty percent, but in 1998 the proportion has increased to 31 percent.

• The Government has reserved 60 % of the teaching posts for females in primary schools. Women have been in focus of public policy in Bangladesh.

Women Teachers

Female teachers play a vital role in motivating and increasing girl enrollment in the schools. In order to make basic education more effective and ensure higher enrollment and retention of girls in schools

Problem of Early Marriage in Bangladesh

• Throughout the world, marriage is regarded as a moment of celebration and a milestone in adult life.

• Sadly, the practice of early marriage gives no such cause for celebration.

• The imposition of a marriage partner upon a child means that a girl or boy’s childhood is cut short and their fundamental rights are compromised.

• Many Bangladeshi girls are married soon after puberty, partly to free their parents from an economic burden and partly to protect the girls’ sexual purity.

Where a girl’s family is very poor or she has lost her parents, she may be married as a third or fourth wife to a much older man, to fulfill the role of sexual and domestic servant.

Child labor Condition In Bangladesh

• The proportion of boy and girl child workers, in the age group of 5-17 years, is 73.5 per cent and 26.5 per cent, respectively.

• The total number of working children aged 5-17 years in rural areas is estimated at 6.4 million as against 1.5 million in urban areas.

• As many as 93.3 per cent of all working children in the age group of 5-17 years operate in the informal sector

• Agriculture engages 4.5 million (56.4 per cent children), while the services sector engages 2 million (25.9 per cent), and industry, 1.4 million (17.7 per cent).

• A total of 1.3 million children are estimated to be working 43 hours or more per week. More boys than girls are engaged in this form of child labor across all age groups.

Radisson Water Garden Hotel, Dhaka

The Radisson Water Garden Hotel Dhaka was officially inaugurated by Begum Khaleda Zia, Honorable former Prime Minister, Government of People’s Republic of Bangladesh, at a ceremony held at the hotel.The hotel is located on Airport Road, Dhaka, just five kilometers from Zia International Airport and adjacent to the diplomatic area of the city and the emerging commercial centre of Gulshan, Baridhara and Banani.

Services Of Radisson:

Mainly, this is service based organization. Its main business is hotel and restaurant. But it has a different type in this area regarding its value and facilities. It has some extra ordinary services and facts that made it different from all the same classified hotel in Bangladesh. People, who enter into it, get a certain experience to observe the uniqueness of this hotel. Here are those things that made it very special mainly it’s service and facilities.

Room and Food:
Room Type Published rate

* Deluxe room. US$ 300.00 per room per night
* Atrium room. US$ 350.00 per room per night
* Club floor room. US$ 395.00 per room per night
* Executive suite. US$ 800.00 per room per night

Food facilities: This is the most impressive fact that is maintained very effective and efficient way. Here they maintain cross cultural differences very well.
There are three areas of food services. 1. in the lobby. 2. beside swimming pool. 3. Spice and rice.
Items: Bufe system. The journey. A de la curta

Spa & Health Club : Radisson Introducing world class SPA first time in Bangladesh.
• For 12 months Individual 94875 BDT
• Couple 161287 BDT

Swimming pool Service:
• Age Group: 6 to14 years
• Duration of each course : 5 weeks, 20 lesson.
• Durations of each lesson : 1 hour

Self-Imposed Budgets & Advantage of SIB

A budget that is prepared with the full cooperation and participation of managers at all levels. A participative budget is also known as a self-imposed budget.
Most companies do not rely exclusively upon self-imposed budgets in the sense that top managers usually initiate the budget process by issuing broad guidelines in terms of overall profits or sales.

Advantages of Self-Imposed Budgets:

1. Individuals at all levels of the organization are viewed as members of the team whose judgments are valued by top management.
2. Budget estimates prepared by front-line managers are often more accurate than estimates prepared by top managers.
3. Motivation is generally higher when individuals participate in setting their own goals than when the goals are imposed from above.
4. A manager who is not able to meet a budget imposed from above can claim that it was unrealistic. Self-imposed budgets eliminate this excuse.

The Basic Framework of Budgeting

A budget is a detailed quantitative plan for acquiring and using financial and other resources over a specified forthcoming time period.

► The act of preparing a budget is called budgeting.
► The use of budgets to control an organization’s activity is known as budgetary control.

Advantages of Budgeting:-

1. Define goal and objectives
2. Think about and plan for the future
3. Means of allocating resources
4. Uncover potential bottlenecks
5. Coordinate activities
6. Communicate plans

Human Factors in Budgeting:

► The success of budgeting depends upon three important factors:
► Top management must be enthusiastic and committed to the budget process.
► Top management must not use the budget to pressure employees or blame them when something goes wrong.
► Highly achievable budget targets are usually preferred when managers are rewarded based on meeting budget targets.

Human resource management training

There is a large amount of diversity in the duties and levels of responsibility that a human resources manager performs and this is precisely the reason why the educational background requirements of human resources management training varies considerably.

In filling entry-level jobs while recruiting from human resource management training institutes, many employers seek college graduates who have majored in human resources, personnel administration, or industrial and labor relations. Other employers look for college graduates with a technical or business background or a well-rounded liberal arts education.

Many colleges and universities in India today offer Human Resource Management Training programs leading to a degree in personnel, human resources, or labor relations. Some of the Indian colleges offer degree programs in Human Resource Management Training, and some others in development, or compensation and benefits of human resource.

Most prospective human resources specialists should take courses in compensation, recruitment, human resource training and development, and performance appraisal, as well as courses in principles of management, organizational structure, and industrial psychology.

Other relevant courses in this area include business administration, public administration, psychology, sociology, political science, economics, and statistics. Courses in labor law, collective bargaining, labor economics, labor history, and industrial psychology also provide a valuable background for the prospective human resource managers.

Accounting Ethics

Accounting ethics is primarily a field of applied ethics, the study of moral values and judgments as they apply to accountancy. It is an example of professional ethics. Ethics in accounting is of utmost importance to accounting professionals and those who rely on their services.

Pressures in accounting ethics:-

The ethical decision in accounting gets critical and crucial due to some pressures namely;

v Job pressure itself
v Client pressure
v Personal pressure
v Peer pressure
v Political pressure
v Time pressure and
v Any other technical pressure

So accountants and management should handle the ethical problems by applying their judgment and technical competence. Because doing the right thing and making the right decision is not always easy.

Importance of Accounting Ethics:

Ethics is very important in our business world. Ethics helps to the organization to how to apply the rules and the regulation. Ethics is very essential today’s business world and the organization. Without the practice of ethics whole company can be destroy.
In the field of accounting ethics help to create the honesty, sincerity, believe and the perfect result of the financial condition of the organization.
If the company practices ethics they can move or reach their ultimate goal and gain the success and prosperity.

HISTORICAL INTEREST OF BANGLADESH

A.LALBAGH FORT:

Lalbagh Fort is a Mughal palace fortress in Dhaka stood on the banks of the river Buriganga in the southwestern part of the old city. The construction of the fort was commenced in 1678 AD by Prince Muhammad Azam. In the present fort area of 7.2 hectares, excavations have revealed the remains of structures. Of the three surviving gateways, the southern one is the most imposing. Seen from the front it is a three-storied structure with a fronton, bordered with slender minarets. From inside it gives the impression of a two-storied structure. A water channel with fountains at regular intervals connects the three buildings from east to west and two similar channels run from south to north. The building in the middle, the tomb of Bibi Pari, is the most impressive of the surviving buildings of the fort. Eight rooms surround a central square room, containing the mortal remains of Bibi Pari, which is covered by a false dome. The southeastern corner room contains a small grave, popularly known to be of Shamsad Begum, possibly a relative of Bibi Pari. The Lalbagh Fort Mosque is a three-domed mosque with a water tank

B.KANTAJI TEMPLE:

Kantaji Temple is in Dinajpur district. It is the most ornate among the late medieval temples in Bangladesh. It is in Dinajpur town which was established in the year 1722 by Ramnath, son of Maharaj Pran nath.
The temple is a 51 square, three stored edifice on a slightly curved raised plinth of sandstone blocks believed to have been guarried from the ruins of the ancient city of Bangrah near Gangarampur in west Bengal. It was originally a Navaratna Temple, crowded with four richly ornamental corner towers on two stores and a central one over the third stored. Unfortunately this ornate tower collapsed during an earthquake at the end of 19th century.
Every inch of the temple surface is beautifully emballished with exquisite terracotta plaques, representing flora, fauna, and geometric motifs. It’s a place of great beauty and one can go there to enjoy himself the scenic beauty of temple.

Advertisement & Way of Marketing

ADVERTISING:-

Advertising is a form of communication that typically attempts to persuade potential customers to purchase or to consume more of a particular brand of product or service. Many advertisements are designed to generate increased consumption of those products and services through the creation and reinforcement of "brand image" and "brand loyalty". For these purposes, advertisements sometimes embed their persuasive message with factual information.

Way of Marketing:
Every day when we watch TV or read the newspaper, we come across advertisements. Advertising persuades people to buy a certain product. It brings goods to the attention of consumers.

People who are concerned with marketing deal with:

1. Market research- The main idea of market research is, to find out whether a product is needed, whether people would buy it and what kind of people that are. These people are called TARGET GROUP.

2. Product development- There is two ways of product development. On the one hand the product-oriented companies and on the other hand the market-oriented companies.
Product-oriented companies invest a lot of money and time in finding new or imp-proved goods to sell them on the market. Market-oriented companies want to find out what is needed and then they try to develop new ways of production or new goods.

3. Promotion- Promotion is very important because however good a product is, it will not find any buyers, if no one knows about it. If you want to sell a specialized product, all you have to do is to write to people or companies, which are known to be interested or place an advertisement in a trade magazine. If you are not able to do this yourself, you can instruct an advertising agency. They have the experts who can make a

Psychology & Their Areas

Psychology:-

Psychology is an applied and academic field that studies the human mind and behavior. Psychologists study such phenomena as perception, cognition, emotion, personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships.

Psychology include mental health treatment, performance enhancement, self-help, ergonomics, and many other areas affecting health and daily life such as family, education, and employment and the treatment of mental health problems.

Areas of Psychology:-

1. Abnormal Psychology: is the study of abnormal behavior and psychopathology.
2. Biological Psychology: also known as biopsychology, studies how biological processes influence the mind and behavior.
3. Clinical Psychology: is focused on the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders

4. Social Psychology: is a discipline that uses scientific methods to study social influence, social perception, and social interaction.
5. Cognitive Psychology: is the study of human thought processes and cognitions. Cognitive psychologists study topics such as attention, memory, perception, decision-making, problem solving, and language acquisition
6.Industrial-Organizational Psychology: is the area of psychology that uses psychological research to enhance work performance, select employee, improve product design, and enhance usability.
7. Personality Psychology: looks at the various elements that make up individual personalities.

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Identifying Relevant Cost

A managerial accounting term that is used to describe costs that are specific to management's decisions. The concept of relevant costs eliminates unnecessary data that could complicate the decision-making process.Relevant costs are costs that change with respect to a particular decision. Sunk costs are never relevant. Future costs may or may not be relevant. If the future costs are going to be incurred regardless of the decision that is made, those costs are not relevant. Committed costs are future costs that are not relevant. Even if the future costs are not committed, if we anticipate incurring those costs regardless of the decision that we make, those costs are not relevant. The only costs that are relevant are those that differ as between the alternatives being considered.

Unavoidable costs are never relevant and include:

 Sunk costs.

 Future costs that do not differ between the alternatives.

Terminology:

o Incremental Cost – the additional total cost incurred for an activity

o Differential Cost – the difference in total cost between two alternatives

o Incremental Revenue – the additional total revenue from an activity

o Differential Revenue – the difference in total revenue between two alternatives

Potential Problems with Relevant-Cost Analysis:

o Avoid incorrect general assumptions about information, especially:

0 “All variable costs are relevant and all fixed costs are irrelevant”

0 There are notable exceptions for both costs

Problems with using unit-cost data:

0 Including irrelevant costs in error

0 Using the same unit-cost with different output levels

o Fixed costs per unit change with different levels of output

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Global financial crisis Likely impact on Bangladesh in Garments Sector

The Global Financial Crisis of 2008 is a major financial crisis, which is ongoing as of January 2009. It became prominently visible in September 2008 with the failure, merger or conservator ship of several large United States-based financial firms. The underlying causes leading to the crisis had been reported in business journals for many months before September, with commentary about the financial stability of leading U.S. and European investment banks, insurance firms and mortgage banks consequent to the sub prime mortgage crisis.

Beginning with failures of large financial institutions in the United States, it rapidly evolved into a global crisis resulting in a number of European bank failures and declines in various stock indexes, and large reductions in the market value of equities (stock) and commodities worldwide. The crisis has led to a liquidity problem and the de-leveraging of financial institutions especially in the United States and Europe, which further accelerated the liquidity crisis. World political leaders and national ministers of finance and central bank directors have coordinated their efforts to reduce fears but the crisis is ongoing and continues to change, evolving at the close of October into a currency crisis with investors transferring vast capital resources into stronger currencies such as the yen, the dollar and the Swiss franc, leading many emergent economies to seek aid from the International Monetary Fund. The crisis was triggered by the sub prime mortgage crisis and is an acute phase of the financial crisis of 2007–2008.